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Promoting Child Wellness: A Narrative Review of Positive Childhood Experiences
Cynthia R Rovnaghi1, Donovan Castilla-Liu1, Ashley M Lee1
1Child Wellness Lab, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA.
Behavioral Sciences (Basel, Switzerland)
|November 27, 2025
Summary
Positive childhood experiences (PCEs) are vital for child resilience and development. Current tools cannot measure PCEs in very young children, hindering intervention research.
Area of Science:
- Child Development
- Psychology
- Public Health
Background:
- Positive childhood experiences (PCEs) are crucial for resilience and emotional regulation in children facing adversity.
- Existing research highlights PCEs' promotive and protective roles in early development.
- Theoretical frameworks from resilience science, developmental psychopathology, positive psychology, and ecological systems theory inform our understanding.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the conceptual development and empirical evidence for PCEs in early childhood.
- To critically assess how PCEs function as promotive and protective factors.
- To evaluate current measurement tools for PCEs and identify gaps in early childhood research.
Main Methods:
- Narrative review of existing literature on positive childhood experiences.
- Analysis of theoretical frameworks including resilience science, developmental psychopathology, positive psychology, and ecological systems theory.
- Critical assessment of measurement tools and their limitations for preverbal and preschool-aged children.
Main Results:
- PCEs significantly influence cognitive, emotional, relational, and behavioral outcomes throughout life.
- Current measurement tools are insufficient for prospectively assessing PCEs in preverbal or preschool-aged children.
- The interplay of PCEs with parenting, socioeconomic status, and social determinants of health is complex and multidimensional.
Conclusions:
- A significant gap exists in validated tools for measuring PCEs in early childhood.
- Developing culturally sensitive, developmentally appropriate instruments for measuring early-life PCEs is essential.
- Future research must prioritize creating these tools to advance equity, optimize child health, and promote wellness.
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