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The Head-Toes-Knees-Shoulders Task as a Screening Tool for Kindergarten-Level Achievement.

Irem Korucu1, Robert J Duncan2, Sabrina A Kenny3

  • 1Department of Psychology, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA.

Behavioral Sciences (Basel, Switzerland)
|November 27, 2025
PubMed
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Self-regulation tasks like the Head-Toes-Knees-Shoes (HTKS) effectively screen kindergarten readiness. High performance on HTKS predicts higher academic achievement, especially in math.

Area of Science:

  • Child Development
  • Educational Psychology
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Self-regulation is linked to academic success, but specific screening tools for kindergarten readiness are needed.
  • Existing research often focuses on the strength of this link, not the threshold for difficulties.
  • The Head-Toes-Knees-Shoes (HTKS) task is a common measure of self-regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the Head-Toes-Knees-Shoes (HTKS) and its updated version (HTKS-R) as screening tools for kindergarten academic achievement.
  • To determine the predictive utility of self-regulation scores for kindergarten-level performance.
  • To analyze sensitivity, specificity, precision, and negative predictive value of HTKS/HTKS-R.

Main Methods:

  • Longitudinal study using two samples from the Pacific Northwest.
Keywords:
HTKSHTKS-Rkindergarten achievementscreening toolself-regulation

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  • Administered HTKS and HTKS-R concurrently in the fall of kindergarten.
  • Examined the probability of achieving kindergarten-level scores based on self-regulation performance.

    • Main Results:

    • Both HTKS and HTKS-R demonstrated utility as screening tools for kindergarten achievement.
    • Strongest associations were found with mathematics achievement.
    • High performance on HTKS/HTKS-R accurately predicted students likely to be at or above kindergarten-level.

    Conclusions:

    • HTKS and HTKS-R are valuable, brief assessments for identifying school readiness.
    • These tools provide insights into children's self-regulation abilities and their probability of kindergarten-level academic success.
    • The measures are particularly useful for estimating students likely to meet or exceed kindergarten achievement benchmarks.