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Short-Lived Exercise-Induced Exerkines Modulate Inflammation for Chronic Disease Prevention: A Systematic Review and

Hossein Poorhabibi1, Katja Weiss2, Thomas Rosemann2

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Physical exercise releases exerkines, like IL-6, that reduce inflammation and chronic disease risk. This review shows exercise lowers CRP and TNF-α while increasing IL-6, suggesting short-term anti-inflammatory benefits.

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C-reactive proteinchronic diseaseexerciseexerkinesinflammationinterleukin-10interleukin-6tumor necrosis factor-alpha

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Area of Science:

  • Exercise immunology
  • Molecular biology of exercise
  • Inflammation and chronic disease

Background:

  • Physical exercise stimulates the release of exerkines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-10 (IL-10).
  • These exercise-induced cytokines may play a role in reducing systemic inflammation and mitigating chronic disease risk.
  • The impact of exerkines on diverse populations requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate how exercise-induced exerkines modulate inflammatory markers.
  • To assess changes in key inflammatory markers before and after exercise interventions.
  • To synthesize current evidence on exercise and exerkine-mediated inflammation.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (January 2015–February 2025).
  • Inclusion of 11 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with 1135 participants.
  • Meta-analysis using random-effects model to calculate standardized mean differences (SMDs) for IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, C-reactive protein (CRP), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ).
  • Quality assessment using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool.

Main Results:

  • Exercise significantly reduced CRP (SMD = -0.77) and TNF-α (SMD = -1.09).
  • Interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels significantly increased post-exercise (SMD = 0.81).
  • Interleukin-10 (IL-10) showed a non-significant increase (SMD = 0.66), and no significant effect was observed for IFN-γ.
  • Moderate to high heterogeneity was noted across inflammatory markers (I² > 52.5%).

Conclusions:

  • Exercise induces a short-term anti-inflammatory shift mediated by exerkines.
  • These findings support the role of exercise in preventing cardiometabolic diseases.
  • Further standardized protocols and longitudinal studies are necessary to confirm long-term benefits.