Comparative Ultrasonic Bath and Probe Extraction of Piperine from Piper nigrum L. Using Natural Deep Eutectic...

Area of Science:

• Green Chemistry
• Natural Product Chemistry
• Biotechnology

Background:

• Piper nigrum L. (PNL) is a valuable source of piperine, an alkaloid with diverse applications.
• Current extraction methods for piperine lack efficiency and sustainability.
• Exploring novel extraction techniques is crucial for unlocking piperine's full potential.

Purpose of the Study:

• To compare ultrasonic bath extraction (UBE) and ultrasonic probe extraction (UPE) for piperine isolation from PNL.
• To investigate the efficacy of natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) in piperine extraction.
• To optimize extraction parameters for enhanced piperine yield, purity, and bioactivity.

Main Methods:

• Screening of six NADES formulations, identifying NADES-5 (choline chloride:glycerin:urea) as optimal.
• Utilizing response surface methodology with a Box-Behnken design to optimize UBE and UPE parameters.
• Employing advanced analytical techniques (TLC, HPTLC, UV, FTIR, Raman, HPLC, NMR, XRD, SEM, EDX) for characterization.

Main Results:

• Optimized UPE yielded significantly higher piperine (49.97 mg/g) compared to UBE (25.67 mg/g).
• UPE-derived piperine exhibited higher purity (98.7%) and enhanced crystallinity.
• Piperine extracted via UPE demonstrated superior in vitro cytotoxicity, anticancer, and antioxidant activities.

Conclusions:

• Ultrasonic probe extraction (UPE) using NADES is a highly efficient and sustainable method for piperine isolation.
• The UPE method enhances piperine purity and bioactivity, making it suitable for pharmaceutical applications.
• This study provides a foundation for the industrial-scale production of high-quality piperine.