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Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
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Infection01:20

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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
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Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) occur in a healthcare facility while a person receives care for another ailment. This category also includes work-related infections among healthcare staff.
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Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
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Antibiotic resistance is a major public health concern that arises when bacteria evolve mechanisms to withstand the effects of antibiotic treatments. This resistance can be intrinsic, acquired through genetic mutations, or transferred between bacteria via horizontal gene transfer. The development of antibiotic resistance poses significant challenges in treating bacterial infections and necessitates ongoing research to develop new therapeutic strategies.Intrinsic resistance occurs when bacterial...
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Risk Factors Associated with Community-Onset Infections Due to Multidrug-Resistant Organisms.

Rafail Matzaras1, Dimitrios Biros1, Sissy Foteini Sakkou2

  • 11st Department of Internal Medicine & Infectious Diseases Unit, University General Hospital of Ioannina, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.

Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)
|November 27, 2025
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Summary

Community-onset multidrug-resistant organism (MDRO) infections are a growing concern. Key risk factors include urinary catheter use, prior hospitalization, and previous antibiotic exposure, aiding early intervention.

Keywords:
Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)antimicrobial resistanceantimicrobial stewardshipcommunity-onset infectionmultidrug-resistant organism

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Area of Science:

  • * Infectious Diseases
  • * Public Health
  • * Epidemiology

Background:

  • * Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) and multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) pose significant public health challenges.
  • * MDROs are increasingly prevalent in community-onset infections, extending beyond traditional hospital-acquired infections (HAIs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To identify critical risk factors associated with community-onset MDRO infections in hospitalized patients.
  • * To inform clinical decision-making and public health strategies for managing MDROs.

Main Methods:

  • * Retrospective study analyzing data from 125 patients with microbiologically confirmed infections admitted to Internal Medicine.
  • * Exclusion of patients with hospital-acquired infections (HAIs).
  • * Data collection included demographics, comorbidities, prior antibiotic use, hospitalizations, MDRO type, and outcomes; statistical analysis involved regression models adjusted for age and sex.

Main Results:

  • * Prevalence of community-onset MDRO infections was 43.2% (54/125) in the study cohort (mean age 77.9 years, 58.4% female).
  • * Significant risk factors for community-onset MDRO infections included permanent urinary catheter use (OR=3.69), prior hospitalization (OR=3.33), and higher Charlson index scores (OR=3.08).
  • * Previous antibiotic use was also identified as a potential risk factor (OR=2.18).

Conclusions:

  • * Identifying risk factors like urinary catheter use and prior hospitalizations enables early risk stratification for community-onset MDRO infections.
  • * Findings support the enhancement of antimicrobial stewardship programs and targeted public health interventions.
  • * Promoting judicious antibiotic use is crucial in combating the rise of MDROs.