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An Inertial Measurement Unit Based Method to Estimate Hip and Knee Joint Kinematics in Team Sport Athletes on the Field

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Risk Factors Associated with Groin Pain in Athletes: A Systematic Review.

Tamiris Beppler Martins^1,2, Taís Beppler Martins^1,2, Filippo Migliorini^3,4,5

¹Graduate Program in Physical Therapy, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Florianopolis 88080-350, SC, Brazil.

Life (Basel, Switzerland)

|November 27, 2025

Summary

Identifying risk factors for groin pain in athletes is crucial for prevention. Key factors include prior injury, weak hip adduction, limited rotation, and poor conditioning, impacting athletic performance.

Keywords:

athletes groin pain hip adduction strength injury prevention risk factors

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Area of Science:

Sports Medicine
Orthopedics
Rehabilitation

Background:

Groin pain is a prevalent issue in athletes, often multifactorial.
It significantly impairs athletic performance and reduces sports participation.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review and synthesize risk factors associated with groin pain in athletes.
To inform preventive strategies and clinical management for athletes experiencing groin pain.

Main Methods:

A comprehensive literature search was conducted across major databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, SPORTDiscus) up to May 2025.
Included observational studies were assessed for risk of bias using the ROBINS-E tool.
A narrative synthesis was performed due to study heterogeneity.

Main Results:

Eight retrospective cohort studies involving 4249 male athletes were analyzed.
Consistent risk factors identified: previous groin injury, reduced eccentric hip adduction strength, limited hip rotation, and inadequate preseason conditioning.
Other contributors: Olympic weightlifting, skill-specific positions, and subclinical symptoms (moderate to high associations).

Conclusions:

Groin pain in athletes is multifactorial, necessitating individualized screening and early detection.
Low to moderate evidence quality highlights needs for prospective designs, standardized criteria, and inclusion of female athletes in future research.