Current Insights into the Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Properties of Ruscus aculeatus

Ruscus aculeatus L. (butcher's broom), a member of the Asparagaceae family, is a perennial shrub native to the Mediterranean and Black Sea regions and naturalized in parts of Europe and North America. Traditionally, the rhizome and root of this species have been employed in folk medicine for the treatment of venous insufficiency, hemorrhoids, edema, and various dermatological and urinary ailments. These therapeutic applications are attributed primarily to the presence of steroidal saponins such as ruscogenin and neoruscogenin, as well as flavonoids and other bioactive compounds. In recent decades, R. aculeatus extracts have been incorporated into numerous pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations, particularly those intended to improve venous tone, reduce swelling, and alleviate symptoms of chronic venous disorders. However, despite its widespread use, studies regarding R. aculeatus remain limited. Many investigations have focused on complex formulations such as Cyclo 3 Fort, which also contains hesperidin methylchalcone and ascorbic acid, making it difficult to attribute the observed effects solely to R. aculeatus. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge on the phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of R. aculeatus. The available data support the plant's traditional use, yet further well-designed experimental and clinical studies are needed to clarify its mechanisms of action, confirm its therapeutic potential, and ensure safety and standardization in medicinal preparations.