Ultra-Wideband Double-Pentagonal Fractal Antenna for C-, X-, Ku- and K-Band Wireless Applications

Fractal antennas employ self-similar geometries to generate scaled multiple resonances within compact structures, thereby achieving broadband performance. However, many reported designs remain constrained by narrow impedance bandwidths or demonstrate only multiband characteristics. To address these limitations, we present a novel pentagonal fractal antenna with ultra-wideband performance suitable for C, X, Ku and K-band applications. The key innovation lies in a double-pentagonal fractal configuration, created by embedding a secondary pentagonal ring within the conventional pentagonal radiator. This design significantly enhances the impedance bandwidth and enables ultra-wideband operation. The proposed antenna was validated through both electromagnetic simulations and experimental measurements. Results show a measured -10 dB impedance bandwidth of 3.84-22.4 GHz, corresponding to a fractional bandwidth of 141.5%. The antenna dimensions are only 0.384 × 0.525 × 0.01λ₀³. A peak gain of 10.2 dBi was achieved, with the gain varying between 2.88 and 10.2 dBi across the operating frequency range. Owing to these characteristics, the proposed antenna is well-suited for diverse wireless communication systems, including Wi-Fi, ultra-wideband communication, 5G mid-band and emerging 6G technologies.