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Controlled-Current Coulometry: Coulometric Titration01:18

Controlled-Current Coulometry: Coulometric Titration

Coulometric titrations are a form of titrimetric analysis where the reagent is generated electrically, and its amount is evaluated based on current and generating time. The electron serves as the standard reagent. The procedure is similar to conventional titrations, such as endpoint detection.
The fundamental requirements for coulometric titrations are (1) 100% efficiency in the reagent-generating electrode reaction and (2) a stoichiometric and preferably rapid reaction between the generated...
Controlled-Current Coulometry: Overview01:27

Controlled-Current Coulometry: Overview

Controlled current coulometry, also known as amperostatic coulometry, is a technique used in electrochemical analysis to measure the quantity of a substance through the controlled passage of current. It involves the application of a constant current to an electrochemical cell containing the analyte of interest. As the current flows through the cell, the analyte undergoes a redox reaction at the electrode surface, resulting in a charge transfer. By monitoring the time required for a certain...
Steady Flow of a Fluid Stream01:27

Steady Flow of a Fluid Stream

Consider a control volume, such as a pipe with solid boundaries, through which fluid flows and changes direction due to the impulse exerted by the resulting force from the pipe walls. In steady flow, the mass of fluid entering the control volume at a given time, t, with velocity v1, is equal to the mass leaving after infinitesimal time dt, with velocity v2.
During this process, the momentum of the fluid within the control volume remains constant over the time interval dt. By applying the...
Control of Power Flow01:30

Control of Power Flow

There are several methods to control power flow in power systems:
Control Volume and System Representations01:16

Control Volume and System Representations

Two key frameworks are employed to analyze mass, energy, and momentum transfer: the control volume approach and the system approach. These frameworks offer different perspectives, depending on whether the focus is on a specific region in space (control volume approach) or a defined mass of fluid (system approach).
The control volume approach considers a stationary region in space through which fluid flows. This region is bounded by a control surface.  For instance, in the case of water flowing...
Conservation of Mass in Finite Cotrol Volume01:16

Conservation of Mass in Finite Cotrol Volume

The principle of conservation of mass is a fundamental law in fluid mechanics and is applied using the continuity equation. We apply the concept to a finite control volume to derive the continuity equation.
A system is defined as a collection of unchanging contents, and the conservation of mass states that a system's mass is constant.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Microfluidic Chips Controlled with Elastomeric Microvalve Arrays
18:11

Microfluidic Chips Controlled with Elastomeric Microvalve Arrays

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Microfluidic Concentration Manipulation via Controllable AC Electroosmotic Flow.

Jingliang Lv1, Yulong Pei2, Jianqi Sun2

  • 1College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150042, China.

Micromachines
|November 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces an efficient microfluidic method using AC electroosmosis (ACEO) for continuous fluid preparation at desired concentrations. The technique offers precise control for applications like drug efficacy testing.

Keywords:
AC electroosmosisconcentration manipulationmicrofluidics

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Area of Science:

  • Microfluidics
  • Electrokinetics
  • Fluid Dynamics

Background:

  • Precise microfluid preparation is vital for protein crystallization and drug efficacy studies.
  • Existing methods may lack efficiency or precise control over fluid concentrations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present an efficient microfluidic method for continuous fluid preparation at targeted concentrations.
  • To investigate the underlying mechanisms of concentration control using AC electroosmosis (ACEO).

Main Methods:

  • Utilized AC electroosmosis (ACEO) for fluid mixing and concentration control.
  • Developed a 3D numerical model coupling electric, flow, and concentration fields to analyze ACEO.
  • Experimentally controlled fluid properties and electrical parameters.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated precise concentration adjustment at the outlet via ACEO-driven mixing.
  • Identified key influencing parameters: fluid viscosity, conductivity, axial velocity, voltage, and frequency.
  • Showcased tunable mixing performance and outlet concentration by adjusting ACEO intensity.

Conclusions:

  • The ACEO-based microfluidic method provides efficient and precise continuous fluid preparation.
  • Device simplicity and accurate concentration manipulation are advantageous for various applications.
  • Understanding parameter influence enables optimization for specific microfluidic needs.