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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
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The Effect of Thyroid Function on GDF15 Levels.

Nicia I Profili1, Edoardo Fiorillo2, Valeria Orrù2

  • 1Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|November 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) levels correlate with thyroid function. Lower GDF15 was observed in individuals with thyroid antibodies, suggesting a link between thyroid health and this stress cytokine.

Keywords:
GDF-15TSHcardiovascular diseasethyroid hormonethyrotropin

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a cytokine involved in stress response.
  • Thyroid disorders are prevalent, yet their impact on GDF15 levels is not well understood.
  • GDF15 plays diverse roles in both physiological and pathological states.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between thyroid function and serum GDF15 levels.
  • To explore the relationship between thyroid antibodies and GDF15 concentrations.
  • To elucidate the role of thyroid status in modulating GDF15.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of serum GDF15 levels and thyroid function parameters in a large cohort (n=4413).
  • Measurement of antibodies against thyroperoxidase and thyroglobulin.
  • Statistical adjustment for relevant covariates to assess independent associations.

Main Results:

  • Thyrotropin showed a positive correlation with GDF15 levels.
  • Free thyroxine exhibited a negative correlation with GDF15 levels.
  • Individuals with anti-thyroperoxidase antibodies had significantly lower GDF15 levels.

Conclusions:

  • Thyroid function is significantly associated with circulating GDF15 levels.
  • Lower GDF15 in the presence of anti-thyroperoxidase antibodies suggests a potential pathophysiological link.
  • Further research is warranted to clarify the relationship between thyroid autoimmunity and GDF15.