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Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and...
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Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...
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Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model
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The Effect of Thyroid Function on GDF15 Levels.

Nicia I Profili1, Edoardo Fiorillo2, Valeria Orrù2

  • 1Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|November 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) levels correlate with thyroid function. Lower GDF15 was observed in individuals with thyroid antibodies, suggesting a link between thyroid health and this stress cytokine.

Keywords:
GDF-15TSHcardiovascular diseasethyroid hormonethyrotropin

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a cytokine involved in stress response.
  • Thyroid disorders are prevalent, yet their impact on GDF15 levels is not well understood.
  • GDF15 plays diverse roles in both physiological and pathological states.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between thyroid function and serum GDF15 levels.
  • To explore the relationship between thyroid antibodies and GDF15 concentrations.
  • To elucidate the role of thyroid status in modulating GDF15.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of serum GDF15 levels and thyroid function parameters in a large cohort (n=4413).
  • Measurement of antibodies against thyroperoxidase and thyroglobulin.
  • Statistical adjustment for relevant covariates to assess independent associations.

Main Results:

  • Thyrotropin showed a positive correlation with GDF15 levels.
  • Free thyroxine exhibited a negative correlation with GDF15 levels.
  • Individuals with anti-thyroperoxidase antibodies had significantly lower GDF15 levels.

Conclusions:

  • Thyroid function is significantly associated with circulating GDF15 levels.
  • Lower GDF15 in the presence of anti-thyroperoxidase antibodies suggests a potential pathophysiological link.
  • Further research is warranted to clarify the relationship between thyroid autoimmunity and GDF15.