Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Oxidative DNA Damage and Repair

Area of Science:

• Molecular Biology
• Genetics
• Biochemistry

Background:

• DNA is susceptible to oxidative damage from internal and external sources, leading to mutations and genomic instability.
• Oxidative DNA damage has a dual role: low levels are involved in signaling, while excessive damage promotes mutagenesis, cancer, and degenerative diseases.
• 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) is a key biomarker for oxidative stress and DNA damage.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review current knowledge on oxidative DNA damage and repair mechanisms.
• To emphasize the molecular players, signaling pathways, and implications for human diseases.
• To highlight recent advances in CRISPR and multi-omics for understanding DNA damage response (DDR) and therapeutic development.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of oxidative DNA damage and repair mechanisms.
• Focus on molecular players, signaling routes, and disease connections.
• Inclusion of recent advances in CRISPR-based technologies and multi-omics approaches.

Main Results:

• Oxidative DNA damage, particularly 8-oxodG, is a significant factor in genomic instability and disease.
• Cellular repair pathways, including base excision repair (BER), nucleotide excision repair (NER), and mismatch repair (MMR), are essential for maintaining genomic integrity.
• Dysregulation of DNA repair genes is linked to various disorders, including cancer, neurological, and cardiovascular diseases.

Conclusions:

• Understanding oxidative DNA damage and repair is critical for comprehending disease pathogenesis.
• Advances in technologies like CRISPR and multi-omics are crucial for exploring DNA damage response (DDR) networks.
• New therapeutic strategies targeting DDR pathways offer promising avenues for disease intervention.