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Activated manganese(IV) oxide can selectively oxidize allylic and benzylic alcohols via a radical intermediate mechanism. Primary allylic alcohols are oxidized to aldehydes, while secondary allylic alcohols yield ketones. The redox reaction of potassium permanganate with an Mn(II) salt such as manganese sulfate (under either alkaline or acidic conditions), followed by thorough drying, yields the oxidizing agent: activated MnO2. While MnO2 is insoluble in the solvents used for the reaction, the...
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Manganese Volatilization and Its Influence on Low-Pressure Carburizing Process Effects.

Radomir Atraszkiewicz1, Piotr Zgórniak2

  • 1Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 1/15, 90-537 Lodz, Poland.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|November 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Manganese (Mn) volatilization during low-pressure carburizing (LPC) increases with holding time but can be limited by step carburizing and higher carbon concentrations. This phenomenon

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Metallurgy
  • Surface Engineering

Background:

  • Low-pressure carburizing (LPC) is a surface hardening technique.
  • Manganese (Mn) behavior during LPC affects surface properties.
  • Quantitative data on Mn volatilization in LPC is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantitatively characterize Mn volatilization depth and fraction during LPC.
  • To investigate the influence of Mn volatilization on surface layer properties.
  • To explore methods for limiting Mn volatilization.

Main Methods:

  • Quantitative characterization of Mn volatilization.
  • Analysis of surface layer properties under LPC conditions.
  • Implementation of step carburizing to control Mn escape.

Main Results:

  • Mn volatilization increases with holding time at carburizing temperature.
  • Step carburizing effectively limits Mn volatilization intensity.
  • Increased surface carbon concentration reduces Mn escape due to attractive interactions.
  • Mn volatilization influence diminishes with increasing carburized layer thickness.

Conclusions:

  • Mn volatilization is a critical factor influencing LPC kinetics and post-treatment effects.
  • Process parameters like holding time, step carburizing, and carbon concentration control Mn escape.
  • Understanding Mn behavior is essential for optimizing surface hardening through LPC.