Bacteriophages and Endolysins Used in the Biocontrol of Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus is a major foodborne pathogen associated with contamination of dairy and meat products, posing a persistent challenge to food safety due to its biofilm formation and resistance to multiple antibiotics. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the use of bacteriophages and phage-derived endolysins as targeted biocontrol agents against S. aureus in food systems. Bacteriophages exhibit host specificity and self-replicating capacity, while endolysins provide rapid lytic activity, minimal resistance development, and effectiveness against biofilm-embedded cells. Studies demonstrate significant microbial reductions in milk, cheese, and meat matrices, although factors such as pH, salt, and fat content can influence their efficacy. The integration of these biocontrol tools into food preservation represents a sustainable and safe alternative to conventional antimicrobials. Finally, we discuss current limitations and the need for optimizing formulations, stability, and regulatory frameworks to facilitate the adoption of phage and endolysin-based products in the food industry.