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Sustainable Strategy Using Tung Fruit-Derived Humic Substances-Ferrihydrite for Simultaneous Pollutant Removal and

Hao Lin^1,2,3, Yuhuan Su^1,2, Chengfeng Liu⁴

¹Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Industrial Green Technology, Wuyi University, Wuyishan 354300, China.

|November 27, 2025

Summary

Artificial humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA) composites with ferrihydrite (Fh) effectively remove phosphate pollution. These novel adsorbents offer a sustainable solution for environmental remediation and phosphorus recovery as fertilizers.

Keywords:

adsorption mechanism artificial humic substances ferrihydrite composites phosphate removal resource recovery

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Area of Science:

Environmental Chemistry
Materials Science
Environmental Engineering

Background:

Phosphate pollution from human activities causes eutrophication and ecological risks.
Effective phosphate removal technologies are crucial for environmental protection.
Developing sustainable adsorbents is a key research area.

Purpose of the Study:

To synthesize and characterize novel adsorbents for phosphate removal.
To investigate the adsorption performance and mechanisms of HA/Fh and FA/Fh composites.
To explore the potential for resource recovery of adsorbed phosphate.

Main Methods:

Synthesis of artificial humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA) from tung fruit and glucose.
Composite preparation of HA/Fh and FA/Fh using ferrihydrite (Fh).
Characterization using SEM, XRD, FTIR, and XPS; batch adsorption experiments.

Main Results:

HA/Fh and FA/Fh composites showed enhanced phosphate adsorption capacities (33.67 and 37.06 mg g⁻¹, respectively) compared to Fh.
Adsorption followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm, indicating chemisorption via ligand exchange.
Coexisting ions affected adsorption, with multivalent anions inhibiting phosphate binding.

Conclusions:

HA/Fh and FA/Fh are efficient adsorbents for phosphate removal.
The adsorption process is dominated by chemisorption and electrostatic attraction.
Recycling phosphate-rich adsorbents as fertilizers offers a sustainable approach for phosphorus recovery and environmental remediation.