Advances in Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Implications for Apple-Derived EVs.

Area of Science:

• Biotechnology
• Nanomedicine
• Plant Science

Background:

• Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) are nanoscale vesicles with therapeutic potential.
• Apple-derived extracellular vesicles (ADEVs) show promise but require further research.

Purpose of the Study:

• To systematically review ADEV research progress.
• To identify evidence gaps and future research priorities for ADEV development.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of ADEV extraction, characterization, cargo, and disease applications.
• Analysis of current evidence gaps in animal efficacy and translation.

Main Results:

• ADEVs have potential for various delivery routes (oral, transdermal, intranasal).
• Current research highlights extraction methods, characterization, cargo, and disease roles.
• Significant gaps exist in animal efficacy, biodistribution, and long-term safety.

Conclusions:

• Standardizing ADEV processes and quality attributes is crucial.
• Further research is needed to accelerate ADEV translation into safe, effective therapies.
• ADEVs represent a low-cost, scalable bionanocarrier platform for disease treatment.