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Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment01:27

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In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
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Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...
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Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
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Updated: Jan 10, 2026

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Nimodipine Nanoparticles: A Promising Approach for Glaucoma Management.

Doaa N Maria1,2, Sara N Maria1,2,3, Monica M Jablonski1,3

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.

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|November 27, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New nimodipine (NMD) chitosan nanoparticles (NMD-CS NPs) offer a promising glaucoma therapy. These NMD-CS NPs significantly improved intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction and duration compared to existing treatments in preclinical models.

Keywords:
IOP reductioncarboxymethyl chitosancytotoxicityglaucomalow molecular weight chitosanmedium molecular weight chitosannanoparticlesnimodipinetranscorneal permeability

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology and Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery

Background:

  • Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness, necessitating effective intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering treatments.
  • Topical nimodipine (NMD), a calcium channel blocker, has shown potential for IOP reduction, but its efficacy needs enhancement.
  • Development of advanced drug delivery systems like nanoparticles can improve the therapeutic outcomes of existing drugs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and characterize nimodipine chitosan nanoparticles (NMD-CS NPs) for improved IOP-lowering efficacy.
  • To evaluate the in vitro and in vivo performance of NMD-CS NP eye drops as a potential glaucoma therapy.

Main Methods:

  • NMD-CS NPs were formulated using the spontaneous-emulsification solvent diffusion method with various chitosan types (CMCS, LCS, MCS).
  • Formulations were optimized and characterized for particle size, PDI, zeta potential, DSC, FTIR, and encapsulation efficiency.
  • In vitro release, cytotoxicity, transcorneal permeability, and in vivo IOP-lowering effects were assessed for the optimized NMD-CS NP eye drops.

Main Results:

  • Optimized NMD-CS NPs exhibited favorable physicochemical properties, including small particle size and narrow distribution.
  • NMD-CS NP eye drops demonstrated sustained drug release, a Higuchi non-Fickian diffusion mechanism, and significantly enhanced corneal permeability (79.41%).
  • In vivo studies showed NMD-MCS NP eye drops provided superior IOP reduction and longer duration compared to Timolol maleate.

Conclusions:

  • NMD-CS NP eye drops represent a promising, non-toxic formulation for glaucoma management.
  • The developed nanoparticles significantly enhance the therapeutic potential of nimodipine for IOP control.
  • These findings support the advancement of NMD-CS NP eye drops as a novel preclinical glaucoma therapy.