Review of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): Epidemiology, Aetiology, Pathology, and Pharmacological Treatment

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition characterized by challenges in social and communication skills and restricted interests. It is associated with behavioural symptoms and/or comorbidities (e.g., attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)). Developing effective treatments for ASD remains a challenge because its pathophysiology is not fully understood. Multiple treatment options are used for ASD with varying levels of effectiveness and safety profiles. Atypical antipsychotics (AAPs), particularly risperidone and aripiprazole, provide superiority over other drug classes of pharmacological interventions. However, they are linked to adverse drug reactions (ADRs), specifically metabolic and endocrine ADRs. These ADRs may lead to chronic diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular conditions, adding strain to healthcare systems beyond the original treatment of ASD. This narrative review enhances our understanding of ASD and highlights a gap in current knowledge about the evaluation of the effectiveness and safety of pharmacological treatments, especially AAPs for ASD in paediatric patients.