Applications of Genome Sequencing in Infectious Diseases: From Pathogen Identification to Precision Medicine

Background: Genome sequencing is transforming infectious-disease diagnostics, surveillance, and precision therapy by enabling rapid, high-resolution pathogen identification, transmission tracking, and genomic-informed antimicrobial stewardship. Methods: We review contemporary sequencing platforms (short- and long-read), targeted and metagenomic approaches, and operational workflows that connect laboratory outputs to clinical and public health decision-making. We highlight strengths and limitations of genomic AMR prediction, the role of plasmids and mobile elements in resistance and virulence, and practical steps for clinical translation, including validation, reporting standards, and integration with electronic health records. Results: Comparative and population genomics reveal virulence determinants and host-pathogen interactions that correlate with clinical outcomes, improving risk stratification for high-risk infections. Integrating sequencing with epidemiological and clinical metadata enhances surveillance, uncovers cryptic transmission pathways, and supports infection control policies. Despite these advances, clinical implementation faces technical and interpretative barriers, as well as challenges related to turnaround time, data quality, bioinformatic complexity, cost, and ethical considerations. These issues must be addressed to realize routine, point-of-care sequencing. Conclusions: Emerging solutions, including portable sequencing devices, standardized pipelines, and machine-learning models, promise faster, more actionable results and tighter integration with electronic health records. The widespread adoption of sequencing in clinical workflows has the potential to shift infectious disease management toward precision medicine, thereby improving diagnostics, treatment selection, and public health responses.