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Lytic Cycle of Bacteriophages01:30

Lytic Cycle of Bacteriophages

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Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are specialized viruses that infect bacteria. A key characteristic of phages is their distinctive “head-tail” morphology. A phage begins the infection process (i.e., lytic cycle) by attaching to the outside of a bacterial cell. Attachment is accomplished via proteins in the phage tail that bind to specific receptor proteins on the outer surface of the bacterium. The tail injects the phage’s DNA genome into the bacterial cytoplasm. In the...
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DNA Bacteriophages01:26

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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria, utilizing their genetic material to hijack host cellular machinery for replication. DNA bacteriophages employ single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genomes. These phages exhibit diverse replication strategies and host interactions, influencing their ecological roles and applications in biotechnology and medicine.ssDNA BacteriophagesssDNA phages, with their small genomes, utilize unique strategies to...
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Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Lysogenic Cycle of Bacteriophages00:43

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In contrast to the lytic cycle, phages infecting bacteria via the lysogenic cycle do not immediately kill their host cell. Instead, they combine their genome with the host genome, allowing the bacteria to replicate the phage DNA along with the bacterial genome. The incorporated copy of the phage genome is called the prophage. Some prophages can re-activate and enter the lytic cycle. This often occurs in response to a perturbation, such as DNA damage, but can also transpire in the absence of...
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CRISPR and crRNAs02:53

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Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
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Viral Replication: Lysogenic Cycle01:16

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The lysogenic cycle is a crucial viral replication strategy that allows bacteriophages to persist within host cells without immediately destroying them. This process is primarily observed in temperate phages, such as bacteriophage lambda (λ), which infects Escherichia coli. The cycle allows the viral genome to persist across bacterial generations while keeping host cells viable.Integration of the Viral GenomeUpon infection, bacteriophage lambda attaches to the bacterial surface and injects...
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Phage Encapsulation and Delivery Technology: A Strategy for Treating Drug-Resistant Pathogenic Microorganisms.

Yang Yue1, Zhenbo Xu1,2, Thanapop Soteyome3

  • 1School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.

Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)
|November 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health crisis. Encapsulated bacteriophage (phage) therapy offers a promising alternative to antibiotics, overcoming challenges like inactivation and resistance for treating bacterial infections.

Keywords:
CRISPR-CASdeliveryencapsulationmedicinephage

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Biotechnology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a critical global health threat, leading to treatment failures and high mortality.
  • Traditional antibiotics are losing efficacy against rapidly spreading drug-resistant bacteria.
  • Bacteriophage (phage) therapy is emerging as a novel antimicrobial strategy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review phage therapeutic studies for key pathogens including Salmonella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes.
  • To summarize recent advances in phage research and development.
  • To detail the application of encapsulated phage technologies for improved delivery and efficacy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on phage therapy and encapsulation technologies.
  • Analysis of studies focusing on specific bacterial pathogens and their phage treatments.
  • Examination of advanced encapsulation methods like electrospun fibers, liposomes, and nanoparticles.

Main Results:

  • Phage therapy, especially with cocktails and engineered phages, shows enhanced broad-spectrum activity and efficiency against pathogenic bacteria.
  • Encapsulation technologies effectively protect phage activity from inactivation (gastric acid, UV light, stress) and enable targeted delivery.
  • Studies demonstrate the potential of encapsulated phages to combat Salmonella, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, E. coli, and L. monocytogenes.

Conclusions:

  • Encapsulated phage technology presents a viable solution to overcome limitations of traditional phage therapy.
  • This approach enhances phage stability, controlled release, and targeted delivery, positioning it as a next-generation antibiotic alternative.
  • Further development and application of encapsulated phages are crucial for combating AMR effectively.