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CATO: Wake-Up reCeiver-bAsed communicaTiOn for Batteryless Devices.

Sayedsepehr Mosavat^1,2, Johannes Göpfert³, Bernd-Christian Renner³

¹Department of Engineering and Computer Science, Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, 47805 Krefeld, Germany.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

|November 27, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Batteryless devices can now communicate efficiently using wake-up receivers (WuR) and a new MAC protocol. This enables sustainable Internet of Things (IoT) applications by improving data throughput by over 60%.

Keywords:

MAC protocol batteryless system design energy harvesting neighbor discovery protocol ultra-low-power networking wake-up receiver

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Area of Science:

Computer Science
Electrical Engineering
Wireless Communication

Background:

Batteryless devices are crucial for sustainable Internet of Things (IoT) applications.
These devices operate intermittently due to stringent energy budgets, limiting energy-intensive functions like wireless communication.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose wake-up receiver (WuR)-based solutions for energy-efficient communication among batteryless, energy-harvesting devices.
To introduce a MAC protocol (BEWARE-MAC) and a neighbor discovery protocol (WEND) for these devices.

Main Methods:

Developed BEWARE-MAC, a MAC protocol leveraging WuR capabilities for efficient message exchange.
Proposed WEND, a WuR-based neighbor discovery protocol for intermittently powered devices.
Evaluated protocols using experimental and simulation-based results.

Main Results:

BEWARE-MAC enables efficient wireless communication for batteryless devices.
WEND demonstrates broadcast capabilities for WuR-based neighbor discovery.
The proposed protocols significantly improve goodput for energy-constrained devices.

Conclusions:

WuR-based solutions effectively facilitate energy-efficient communication in batteryless IoT networks.
BEWARE-MAC can enhance device goodput by up to 61.1%, overcoming communication challenges.
The developed protocols pave the way for more robust and sustainable batteryless IoT systems.