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Assessment of Elbow Proprioception with Inertial Measurement Units-Validity and Reliability Study
Szymon Stupnicki1,2, Grzegorz Mulski1,2, Łukasz Żytka1,2
1Rehasport Clinic, 60-201 Poznan, Poland.
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|November 27, 2025
Summary
Inertial measurement units (IMUs) provide a reliable and valid method for assessing elbow joint proprioception. This portable and inexpensive technology offers a promising alternative for motion analysis in clinical settings.
Area of Science:
- Biomechanics
- Rehabilitation Technology
- Sensor Technology
Background:
- Inertial measurement units (IMUs) offer a novel approach to motion analysis due to their small size and portability.
- Current research on IMUs for proprioception assessment is limited, with no studies specifically addressing the elbow joint.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate the reliability and validate the protocol for elbow proprioception assessment using inertial motion sensors.
- To establish a standardized method for measuring joint position sense (JPS) of the elbow.
Main Methods:
- Twenty healthy participants performed active and passive elbow proprioception tests assessing joint position sense (JPS).
- Data collected using RSQ Motion sensors (IMUs) were compared against the Biodex System 4 for validation.
- Inter-rater and intra-rater reliability were assessed using Kendall's coefficient.
Main Results:
- Good inter-rater reliability (Kendall's coefficient = 0.77) was found for passive proprioception using both IMUs and Biodex.
- Active proprioception assessment with IMUs showed slightly lower reliability (Kendall's coefficient = 0.66).
- Intra-rater reliability was consistently good across passive and active tests, with results within Bland-Altman limits of agreement.
Conclusions:
- Proprioception assessment using JPS with inertial motion sensors is reliable and valid for the elbow joint.
- IMUs present an accessible, portable, and cost-effective tool for proprioception evaluation.
- Further investigation in diverse clinical environments is recommended to broaden the application of this technology.
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