Review of Hydrogen Sensors in Aerobic and Anaerobic Environments Coupled with Artificial Intelligence Tools

Hydrogen-based technologies are progressing in several areas, such as transportation and energy, especially regarding their use as a replacement for greenhouse gas-emitting fuels. However, hydrogen is known for its explosiveness and large-scale flammability; hence, there is a need to ensure it can be detected and measured without risk. Several types of hydrogen sensors are available on the market. Each sensor is suited to a specific environment and operating conditions. In recent years, Artificial Intelligence tools have been increasingly used to improve the design and performance of these sensors in terms of safety, reliability, sensitivity, speed, and selectivity. This paper provides a review of available hydrogen sensors, their fields of application, and the main directions explored by the scientific community for integrating Artificial Intelligence tools to improve their performance. A comparative analysis is presented based on criteria related to sensor technologies, data processing tools, and target performance. This review highlights the results achieved and the challenges that remain to be addressed in various application fields.