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Updated: May 5, 2026

Catheterization of Intestinal Loops in Ruminants
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Cross-Sectional Study on Zoonotic Bacteria Carriage by Small Ruminants from Portugal's Central Region.

Maria Aires Pereira1,2,3, Alexandra Lameira Baptista1,2,4, Rita Cruz1,5,6

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Small ruminants in Portugal carry antibiotic-resistant zoonotic bacteria like Campylobacter, Salmonella, and E. coli. This study identifies risk factors, highlighting the need for better farm management to control their spread.

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Microbiology
  • Public Health
  • Food Safety

Background:

  • Zoonotic bacteria (Campylobacter, E. coli, Salmonella, S. aureus) are significant causes of human infections.
  • Antimicrobial resistance in these bacteria, including ESBL-producing E. coli and MRSA, poses a global health threat.
  • Small ruminants are potential reservoirs for zoonotic bacteria, but their role in carrying resistant strains in Portugal is understudied.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the prevalence of fecal carriage of Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., and ESBL-producing E. coli in small ruminants.
  • To determine the prevalence of nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in small ruminant farms.
  • To identify risk factors associated with the presence of these zoonotic bacteria and resistant strains.

Main Methods:

  • Sampling of 732 small ruminants (432 sheep, 300 goats) and 122 farms in Portugal's Central Region.
  • Isolation of enteric zoonotic bacteria from fecal samples and MRSA from nasal swabs.
  • Application of cluster analysis to identify farm groups based on bacterial isolation and risk factor assessment.

Main Results:

  • Overall prevalence: Campylobacter spp. (15.6%), Salmonella spp. (8.3%), ESBL-producing E. coli (5.2%), MRSA (5.7% of farms).
  • Higher prevalence of Campylobacter and Salmonella in sheep compared to goats.
  • Three farm clusters identified: "Resistant", "Campylobacter", and "Salmonella", with associations to animal species, location, and antibiotic use practices.

Conclusions:

  • Small ruminants serve as asymptomatic reservoirs for zoonotic bacteria, including antibiotic-resistant strains.
  • This study provides the first evidence of presumptive antibiotic-resistant zoonotic bacteria carriers in small ruminants in Portugal's Central Region.
  • Farm management practices and animal species are key factors influencing the presence of these bacteria.