Antiviral Compounds from Natural Sources Against Human Arboviruses: An Updated Review Including Illustrative In...

Arboviruses such as dengue (DENV), Zika (ZIKV), and chikungunya (CHIKV) remain major global health threats, especially in tropical regions, with no effective antiviral treatments available. Recent research highlights progress in identifying antiviral compounds from natural sources against arboviruses belonging to the flavivirus genus, such as DENV and ZIKV. These compounds, derived from plants, marine organisms, and microorganisms, fall into several key chemical classes: quinones, flavonoids, phenolics, terpenoids, and alkaloids. Quinones inhibit viral entry and replication by targeting envelope proteins and proteases. Flavonoids disrupt RNA synthesis and show virucidal activity. Phenolic compounds reduce expression of non-structural proteins and inhibit enzyme function. Terpenoids demonstrate broad-spectrum activity against multiple arboviruses, while alkaloids interfere with early infection stages or viral enzymes. To support the reviewed literature, we performed molecular docking analyses of selected natural compounds and some arboviral proteins included as illustrative examples. These analyses support the structure-activity relationships reported for some natural compounds and highlight their potential interactions with essential viral targets such as the NS2B-NS3 protease and NS5 polymerase. Together, these literature and computational insights highlight the potential of natural products as scaffolds for antiviral drug development.