Selected Lipidome Components and Their Association with Perinatal Depression

Background/Objectives: Perinatal depression affects approximately 21% of pregnant women and 15% postpartum, significantly impacting both maternal and child health. Lipid metabolism alterations, particularly involving fatty acids and lecithin, have been associated with mood disorders during the perinatal period. Omega-3 PUFAs (polyunsaturated fatty acids) play a key role in mood regulation and neuroinflammatory processes, while lecithin significantly influences neurotransmitter synthesis. Methods: A narrative review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar for relevant articles which were qualitatively analyzed. Most of the literature included was published between 2020 and 2025 with selected earlier studies used, primarily, to outline the theoretical background. Results: This narrative review highlights substantial evidence linking components of lipidome, particularly omega-3 fatty acids and lecithin, and the occurrence of perinatal depression. Omega-3 deficiency increases antenatal depression risk by up to 6-fold. Inflammation, manifested by elevated levels of inflammatory markers (interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor, C-reactive protein), and kynurenine pathway activation appear as central mechanisms, both of which can be modulated by PUFAs. Supplementation shows variable outcomes, with greatest efficiency for eicosapentaeonic acid (EPA)-predominant formulations (EPA/DHA ≥ 1.5). Choline is essential for fetal neurodevelopment, though evidence on lecithin and choline is inconclusive. Presumably, excessive intake and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) production may contribute to depressive symptoms. Conclusions: Omega-3 PUFAs deficiency may increase the risk of perinatal depression, while supplementation appears beneficial for prevention. The findings regarding other lipid-derived compounds, specifically choline and lecithin, are inconclusive. Despite promising findings, further research is necessary to confirm the effectiveness of dietary interventions.