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Wormhole formation in fluid-driven granular flow.

Miles L Morgan1, David W James1, Martin Monloubou2

  • 1Complex Fluids Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.

Communications Physics
|November 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Fluid flow through dense granular material can create wormhole-like channels, bypassing the bulk material. This instability emerges when gravity-driven flow cannot supply the fluid-assisted region, impacting industrial and natural processes.

Keywords:
Applied physicsFluid dynamicsSoft materials

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Area of Science:

  • Geophysics
  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Fluid-driven granular flow exhibits complex behaviors and instabilities.
  • Vertical fluid flow through dense sedimenting grains is not well understood.
  • Silo flow dynamics are critical in various industrial and natural settings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the behaviors of a submerged fluid-driven silo with dense sedimenting grains.
  • To identify and characterize emergent instabilities and flow patterns.
  • To develop predictive models for fluid-grain interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental study of a submerged fluid-driven silo.
  • Observation of different flow regimes including fingering, porous flow, and channel formation.
  • Development of empirical models to predict instability onset.

Main Results:

  • Observed diverse behaviors: fingering, porous flow, classical silo flow, and wormhole-like channels.
  • Wormhole channels rapidly propagate to the outlet, bypassing the main granular packing.
  • Instability onset is linked to insufficient gravity-driven supply to the fluid-assisted region.

Conclusions:

  • The formation of wormhole channels is a key instability in fluid-driven dense granular flows.
  • A model balancing flow components predicts channel emergence based on grain size and flow rate.
  • Findings offer a framework for managing fluid-grain interactions in natural hazards and industrial processes.