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Related Concept Videos

Polymer Classification: Architecture01:14

Polymer Classification: Architecture

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Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...
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Recently, the development of olefin metathesis polymerization advanced the field of polymer synthesis. Simply put, the reorganization of substituents on their double bonds between two olefins in the presence of a catalyst is known as the olefin metathesis reaction. The use of metathesis reaction for polymer synthesis is called olefin metathesis polymerization.
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

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Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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Conjugated dienes are compounds characterized by the presence of alternating double and single bonds. In a conjugated system like 1,3-butadiene, the unhybridized 2p orbital on each carbon overlaps continuously, allowing the π electrons to be delocalized across the entire molecule. In contrast, this type of overlap does not occur in cumulated and isolated dienes, such as 2,3-pentadiene and 1,4-pentadiene, respectively. Instead, the π electrons remain localized between the double...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

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The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
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The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this species into...
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Microfluidic-based Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks COFs: A Tool for Continuous Production of COF Fibers and Direct Printing on a Surface
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Trap-Engineered Divergent Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks with Distinct Structures and Functions.

Yanzhi Yang1, Pan He1, Yang Li1

  • 1College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics & Technology, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|November 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study harnesses kinetic trapping to control covalent organic framework (COF) structures. Precise tuning of COF pathways leads to enhanced triiodide adsorption for radioactive iodine removal.

Keywords:
covalent organic frameworksenvironmental parametershydrogen bondingkinetic trappingtriiodide adsorption

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Crystallization of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) is often limited by kinetic trapping, hindering crystallinity.
  • Conventional methods focus on eliminating nonequilibrium states to improve COF crystallinity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To leverage kinetic trapping as a tool for tuning COF structures and functionalities.
  • To achieve precise control over COF growth pathways through solubility engineering.

Main Methods:

  • Solubility engineering guided by environmental parameters to control growth pathways.
  • Investigating thermodynamic-kinetic competition using solvent polarity and temperature gradients.
  • Utilizing external energy input to overcome kinetic limitations and drive network reconstruction.

Main Results:

  • Precise switching among three competitive growth pathways: T-nC4-IM (thermodynamic), T-nC4-HOF (metastable), and T-nC4-INT (kinetically trapped).
  • Demonstrated hydrogen-bond-directed assembly surpassing covalent polymerization, forming a metastable tubular crystal phase.
  • Showcased significant modulation of pore ordering and functional performance by varying kinetic trapping.
  • Established a thermodynamic-kinetic competition model for COF synthesis.

Conclusions:

  • Kinetic trapping can be strategically employed to program COF synthesis and properties.
  • The T-nC4-IM framework exhibits superior triiodide adsorption capacity (>45% higher than metastable phases).
  • The developed strategy offers a general guideline for programmable COF synthesis and potential applications in radioactive iodine remediation.