Metal oxide nanoparticles: emerging stars in biomedical application

The unique properties of nanoparticles have sparked intense research interest, driving innovation in production methodologies. Biological synthesis of nanoparticles has emerged as a game-changer, offering an efficient, cost-effective, and eco-friendly alternative. A diverse array of organisms, including bacteria, fungi, yeast, algae, and plants, can biosynthesize metallic nanoparticles with varying sizes and shapes through reduction reactions. A comprehensive analysis of existing literature reveals the bio reduction capabilities of bacterial biomass and extracts under different experimental conditions, providing valuable insights into this promising field. The applications of biosynthesized nanoparticles are vast, with notable potential in antimicrobial and anticancer activities. By exploring the achievements and current status of bacterial-mediated biosynthesis, this study aims to shed light on the opportunities and challenges in this rapidly evolving field. The surge in nanoparticle research is largely driven by the unexpected variations in surface properties that occur when particle size is reduced to the nanoscale, resulting in enhanced features such as particle size distribution and shape. The reduction of particle size to the nanoscale displays unique and improved features, including particle size distribution and shape. This variation in specific surface area is responsible for its high value, which influences critical factors such as surface reactivity. Gold particles have been employed for medicinal and Ayurvedic purposes in India and China since ancient times. Metal nanoparticles are being used globally in biomedicine and related fields. Researchers are currently focused on metal nanoparticles, nanostructures, and nanomaterial production due to their unique features. This paper examines various metal oxide nanoparticle preparation processes, including their benefits, drawbacks, and potential applications.