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Focused Ion Beam Fabrication of LiPON-based Solid-state Lithium-ion Nanobatteries for In Situ Testing

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p-Band Center Modulation in High-Performance Cathode and Stable Composite Lithium Anode Enabling Ah-Scale Flexible

Shuai Yin¹, Shichao Zhang¹, Dezhi Yan¹

¹School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China.

|November 27, 2025

Summary

Researchers developed advanced lithium-oxygen batteries (LOBs) using a novel MnTe/MnTe2 cathode and protective Li anode layer. This breakthrough enhances energy storage capacity and cycle life for next-generation flexible electronics.

Keywords:

Li−O2 batteries flexible cathode heterostructure li anode p-band center

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Electrochemistry
Energy Storage

Background:

Nonaqueous rechargeable flexible lithium-oxygen batteries (LOBs) are promising for future energy storage.
Challenges include sluggish cathode kinetics and lithium anode instability, hindering practical application of high-capacity LOBs.

Purpose of the Study:

To optimize LOB configuration by enhancing synergistic interactions between cathode and anode.
To develop efficient and stable LOBs with improved energy density and cycle life.

Main Methods:

Engineered a self-supporting MnTe/MnTe2 heterostructure on nitrogen-doped carbon nanofibers (MnTe/MnTe2@NCF) via p-orbital modulation.
Developed a hybrid Li2Te/Te/LiCl protective layer for the lithium anode.
Systematically optimized the overall battery configuration.

Main Results:

The MnTe/MnTe2@NCF cathode exhibited superior catalytic performance and enhanced electrochemical kinetics.
The hybrid protective layer improved lithium anode stability and mechanical toughness.
Fabricated LOBs showed low polarization (0.761 V), high specific capacity (13,702.3 mAh g-1), and over 440 cycles.
Optimized pouch cells achieved a high energy density of 588.7 Wh kg-1.

Conclusions:

The synergistic electrode optimization provides a viable pathway for high-energy-density LOBs.
The developed materials and configuration address key challenges in LOB performance and stability.
This work paves the way for practical, high-performance flexible energy storage solutions.