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Related Concept Videos

Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

Muscles that Move the Arm

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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
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Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 10, 2026

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography
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Rotator Cuff Imaging Abnormalities in Asymptomatic Shoulders: A Systematic Review.

Sharon Sanders, Thomas Ibounig, Romi Haas

    The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy
    |November 27, 2025
    PubMed
    Summary

    Rotator cuff (RC) abnormalities like tears and tendinopathy are common in asymptomatic shoulders, with prevalence ranging from 0% to 100% across studies. This systematic review highlights the low certainty of evidence for these imaging findings.

    Keywords:
    full-thickness tearmagnetic resonance imagingpartial-thickness tearprevalencetendinopathyultrasound imaging

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    Area of Science:

    • Orthopedics
    • Radiology
    • Sports Medicine

    Background:

    • Rotator cuff (RC) abnormalities are frequently detected via imaging.
    • Understanding the prevalence of these abnormalities in asymptomatic individuals is crucial for clinical interpretation.
    • Previous research has yielded varied prevalence estimates for RC pathologies in asymptomatic shoulders.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To systematically review and estimate the prevalence of rotator cuff (RC) imaging abnormalities in asymptomatic adult shoulders.
    • To synthesize data on tendinopathy, partial-thickness tears, full-thickness tears, and calcification detected by various imaging modalities.

    Main Methods:

    • Systematic review of studies reporting RC abnormalities in asymptomatic shoulders.
    • Literature search across major databases (Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science) with citation tracking.
    • Inclusion of 53 studies (ultrasound and MRI) across population-based, miscellaneous, and athlete cohorts; data synthesized qualitatively due to heterogeneity.

    Main Results:

    • Prevalence estimates for full-thickness tears ranged from 0% to 35% on ultrasound and 0% to 20% on MRI across different populations.
    • Prevalence for tendinopathy and/or partial-thickness tears varied widely, from 0% to 70% on ultrasound and 0% to 100% on MRI.
    • The certainty of evidence for all reported prevalence rates was determined to be low to very low.

    Conclusions:

    • Imaging abnormalities of the rotator cuff (RC) are highly prevalent in asymptomatic shoulders, with reported ranges from 0% to 100%.
    • The wide variability and low certainty of evidence underscore the challenges in interpreting imaging findings in asymptomatic individuals.
    • Further high-quality research is needed to establish more reliable prevalence data for RC abnormalities in asymptomatic shoulders.