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    This study explores using Heard Text Recall (HTR) as an objective measure for social presence in embodied conversational agents (ECAs). HTR shows potential, especially when ECA behavior significantly changes, offering an alternative to subjective questionnaires.

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    Area of Science:

    • Human-Computer Interaction
    • Virtual Reality
    • Cognitive Psychology

    Background:

    • Embodied conversational agents (ECAs) are crucial in virtual reality (VR), with social presence impacting interaction quality.
    • Social presence is typically measured via subjective questionnaires, limiting objective assessment.
    • Heard Text Recall (HTR) is an objective memory task that can assess cognitive spare capacity.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the Heard Text Recall (HTR) paradigm as an objective proxy for measuring social presence in ECAs.
    • To assess the impact of co-verbal gesture modifications on ECA naturalness.
    • To evaluate HTR's effectiveness under various multimodal degradations of ECA behavior.

    Main Methods:

    • Introduced and assessed co-verbal gesture modification techniques for ECAs.
    • Employed a dual-task paradigm combining HTR with a secondary task to measure cognitive spare capacity.
    • Examined HTR's correlation with subjective social presence under degraded ECA behaviors (gestures, lip sync, voice).

    Main Results:

    • Heard Text Recall (HTR) demonstrates potential as an objective proxy for social presence.
    • HTR's effectiveness is most pronounced with substantial changes in ECA behavior.
    • Synthetic voices and poor lip synchronization negatively impact perceived social presence.

    Conclusions:

    • HTR offers a promising objective alternative to subjective measures for social presence in ECAs.
    • ECA design must carefully consider multimodal elements like voice and lip synchronization.
    • Further research can refine HTR's application in evaluating ECA-user interaction dynamics.