Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators02:13

Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

7.1K
Transcriptional regulators bind to specific cis-regulatory sequences in the DNA to regulate gene transcription. These cis-regulatory sequences are very short, usually less than ten nucleotide pairs in length. The short length means that there is a high probability of the exact same sequence randomly occurring throughout the genome.  Since regulators can also bind to groups of similar sequences, this further increases the chances of random binding. Transcriptional regulators form...
7.1K
Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators02:13

Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

2.4K
2.4K
Co-activators and Co-repressors02:04

Co-activators and Co-repressors

8.3K
Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...
8.3K
Co-activators and Co-repressors02:04

Co-activators and Co-repressors

2.9K
2.9K
Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

Combinatorial Gene Control

9.5K
Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...
9.5K
Cohesins02:20

Cohesins

5.4K
Cohesin protein complexes are a molecular glue that holds two sister chromatids together. They play an important role both in mitosis and meiosis. In mitosis, all cohesin complexes present on the chromosomes are removed before the start of the anaphase stage.
Cohesin complexes in Meiotic Division
Meiosis involves two distinct rounds of chromosomal segregation and cell divisions— Meiosis I followed by Meiosis II – producing four daughter cells. Meiosis I includes the separation of...
5.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Alterations in chromatin organization promote totipotent-like features in a DPPA2/DUX-dependent manner.

The EMBO journal·2026
Same author

Antibody-trapping presents a widespread pitfall for microscopy and genomics in the nucleus.

Nucleic acids research·2026
Same author

CLASH (Chromatin Loop Across-sample Score Harmonizer) quantifies the relative contributions of genetic variation, methylation, and CTCF occupancy on chromatin loop strength across individuals.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Single-molecule nucleosome spacing coordinates chromatin fiber interactions.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Cohesin bridging as a physical principle of enhancer-promoter communication.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

The ChIP-FRiP pipeline quantifies co-binding and reveals how antibody background contributes to cohesin ChIP-seq patterns.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 10, 2026

Dissection of Enhancer Function Using Multiplex CRISPR-based Enhancer Interference in Cell Lines
10:46

Dissection of Enhancer Function Using Multiplex CRISPR-based Enhancer Interference in Cell Lines

Published on: June 2, 2018

9.7K

Synergy between regulatory elements can render cohesin dispensable for distal enhancer function.

Karissa L Hansen1,2, Annie S Adachi1, Luca Braccioli3

  • 1Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|November 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Cohesin-mediated loop extrusion is crucial for enhancer-promoter communication, but its requirement varies by cell type and genomic context. Promoter-proximal elements can facilitate long-range enhancer action independently of cohesin extrusion.

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: An Integrated Workflow to Study the Promoter-Centric Spatio-Temporal Genome Architecture in Scarce Cell Populations
11:36

Author Spotlight: An Integrated Workflow to Study the Promoter-Centric Spatio-Temporal Genome Architecture in Scarce Cell Populations

Published on: April 21, 2023

2.9K
A Rapid In Vivo Bioassay for Developmentally Active Enhancers
00:08

A Rapid In Vivo Bioassay for Developmentally Active Enhancers

1.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 10, 2026

Dissection of Enhancer Function Using Multiplex CRISPR-based Enhancer Interference in Cell Lines
10:46

Dissection of Enhancer Function Using Multiplex CRISPR-based Enhancer Interference in Cell Lines

Published on: June 2, 2018

9.7K
Author Spotlight: An Integrated Workflow to Study the Promoter-Centric Spatio-Temporal Genome Architecture in Scarce Cell Populations
11:36

Author Spotlight: An Integrated Workflow to Study the Promoter-Centric Spatio-Temporal Genome Architecture in Scarce Cell Populations

Published on: April 21, 2023

2.9K
A Rapid In Vivo Bioassay for Developmentally Active Enhancers
00:08

A Rapid In Vivo Bioassay for Developmentally Active Enhancers

1.4K

Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Enhancers are key genetic elements regulating gene transcription.
  • Mechanisms of enhancer-promoter communication over long genomic distances are not fully understood.
  • The role of cohesin in mediating these interactions is under investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of cohesin loop extrusion in enhancer-promoter communication.
  • To determine the cell type- and genomic context-specificity of cohesin's function.
  • To elucidate how enhancers regulate transcription across large genomic distances.

Main Methods:

  • Engineering pluripotent stem cells with inducible disruption of cohesin loop extrusion.
  • Comparative genome editing to assess enhancer-promoter communication.
  • Analysis of transcriptional dysregulation and cell type emergence.

Main Results:

  • Transcriptional dysregulation due to disrupted cohesin extrusion is cell type-specific.
  • Cohesin is required for enhancer-promoter communication over distances as short as 20 kilobases.
  • Promoter-proximal elements enable cohesin-independent long-range enhancer action, even across CTCF insulators.
  • Transcriptional dynamics and embryonic cell type emergence are largely robust to disrupted cohesin extrusion.

Conclusions:

  • Cohesin-mediated loop extrusion plays a context-dependent role in enhancer function.
  • Promoter-proximal elements offer an alternative mechanism for enhancer-mediated regulation.
  • This study provides strategies for studying cohesin in enhancer biology and insights into regulatory specificity.