Absorption, transport, and bioavailability of lead (Pb) in plant systems and nanomaterial detoxification mechanisms

Lead (Pb) is a highly toxic pollutant, and with increases in industrial and agricultural activities, the problems related to soil Pb pollution are becoming increasingly prominent and pose serious threats to food production and human health. Pb toxicity severely inhibits plant growth, specifically manifested as impaired photosynthesis, increased oxidative stress, and metabolic disorders. Nanoremediation refers to using nanotechnology-based materials and processes to remediate environmental contaminants, and nanotechnology offers innovative solutions for the remediation of Pb contamination. Therefore, understanding the behavior of Pb in plants and the mechanisms through which Pb interacts with nanomaterials is important for formulating effective nanomaterial remediation strategies and ensuring the safety of agricultural products. This article provides a comprehensive review of the absorption, transport, and bioavailability of Pb in plant systems, as well as the roles and mechanisms of nanomaterials in reducing Pb accumulation, increasing plant photosynthetic parameters and antioxidant capacity, regulating gene expressions and influencing physiological metabolism in plants. This study provides comprehensive information for understanding the behavior of Pb in plant systems and its interaction with nanomaterials and serves as a valuable reference for future research and the formulation of remediation strategies based on nanomaterials.