Understanding glial cells: Implications for multiple sclerosis pathogenesis and therapeutics

Multiple sclerosis has been closely related to the dysfunction of Glial cells, focusing on astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia. The prevalence of Multiple sclerosis has increased in India but diagnosis and treatment also remain a factor that severely impacts a patient's social duties and family's well-being. Severe disability and cognitive impairment predict job loss, declining standards of living. These cells serve an essential role in maintaining normal homeostasis and facilitating neuronal activity, while also contributing significantly to neuroinflammation. The glial cell dysfunction occurs via multiple pathways, such as demyelination, reactive astrocytosis, and microglial activation, all of which have a role in the pathogenesis and progression of multiple sclerosis. The existing therapeutic methods, including disease-modifying therapies and symptomatic management, address novel tactics aimed at glial cells, namely in the areas of remyelination and immunomodulation. A robust literature survey underlines the significance of comprehending the complex interplay between glial cells and the immune system in multiple sclerosis, indicating that this insight may facilitate more targeted and individualized therapeutic strategies. The current review is focused on understanding the role of glial cells in multiple sclerosis pathology, the current treatments available, and possible potential therapeutics for Multiple sclerosis management.