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Neuroectoderm-derived iris muscle characterization at the single-cell resolution in native human iris and a

Bar Makovoz1, Anne Z Eriksen1,2, Rachael E Warrington1

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.

Nature Communications
|November 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Researchers identified key genes for human iris muscle development using human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). This breakthrough advances understanding of eye development and related diseases.

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Muscles of the Eye01:20

Muscles of the Eye

The muscles of the eye are sophisticated structures that control eye movement and focus, allowing for the precise and rapid adjustments necessary for vision. The human eye is controlled by ten muscles — six extraocular muscles, three intraocular muscles, and one primary eyelid retractor muscle.
Extraocular Muscles
The six extraocular muscles surround the eyeball and control its movements. They are responsible for a wide range of eye motions, including looking up, down, left, right, and rotating...