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Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

1.1K
Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or...
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Ion-Exchange Chromatography01:09

Ion-Exchange Chromatography

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Ion-exchange chromatography, or IEC, is a technique for separating ions based on their affinity for the stationary phase. The stationary phase is a cross-linked polymer resin with covalently attached ionic functional groups. The functional groups can be either positively charged (cation exchangers) or negatively charged (anion exchangers). A cation exchanger consists of a polymeric anion and active cations, while an anion exchanger is a polymeric cation with active anions. The choice of...
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Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

Extraction: Advanced Methods

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Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
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Masking and Demasking Agents01:19

Masking and Demasking Agents

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EDTA titrations may necessitate masking and demasking agents to temporarily protect a particular metal ion in a mixture from the EDTA reaction. These agents facilitate the sequential analysis of the metal ions by forming stable complexes with some—but not all—metal ions during certain steps.
There are many masking agents, such as cyanide, fluoride, triethanolamine, thiourea, and 2,3-bis(sulfanyl)propan-1-ol (formerly 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol), with the masking agent chosen based on...
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Factors Affecting Solubility

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Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
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Removal of Arsenic Using a Cationic Polymer Gel Impregnated with Iron Hydroxide
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Experimental and modeling studies for the simultaneous removal anionic dyes in single and binary systems using

Hadjer Bousemat1, Samira Ziane-Hezil1, Saadiya Benatmane2,3

  • 1Laboratory of Structure, Elaboration and Applications of Molecular Materials (S.E.A.2M.), University of Abdelhamid Ibn Badis, Mostaganem, Algeria.

Scientific Reports
|November 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study shows activated bentonite clay effectively removes Bemacid Blue and Congo Red dyes from wastewater. The clay adsorbent demonstrates high capacity, reusability, and spontaneous adsorption, highlighting its potential for industrial applications.

Keywords:
Binary systemDyesExtended langmuirExtended sipsModified clay

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Adsorption Science

Background:

  • Dye and pigment treatment poses a global environmental challenge.
  • Industrial wastewater often contains persistent anionic dyes like Bemacid Blue (BB) and Congo Red (CR).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the adsorption efficiency of hydrochloric acid-activated bentonite clay (B-8 N) for BB and CR.
  • To characterize the adsorbent and analyze adsorption, desorption, and regeneration processes in single and binary systems.

Main Methods:

  • Characterization of activated bentonite using TGA, DTA, SEM, and EDS.
  • Adsorption experiments in single and binary dye systems at 55°C.
  • Kinetic modeling (pseudo-second-order) and isotherm analysis (Extended Sips, Extended Langmuir).

Main Results:

  • In binary systems, Congo Red (CR) exhibited higher adsorption capacity (247.72 mg g⁻¹) than Bemacid Blue (BB) (152 mg g⁻¹).
  • The pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Extended Sips/Langmuir isotherms best described adsorption.
  • Desorption achieved 83.82% CR and 55.23% BB release using NaOH, with high performance maintained over three regeneration cycles.

Conclusions:

  • Activated bentonite clay is a sustainable and efficient adsorbent for removing anionic dyes.
  • Adsorption is spontaneous, driven by electrostatic attraction and hydrogen bonding.
  • The material shows promise for treating industrial wastewater contaminated with dyes.