Eco friendly deep eutectic solvent based extraction of Raphanus sativus leaf bioactives with mechanistic and...

Area of Science:

• Green Chemistry
• Natural Product Chemistry
• Biotechnology

Background:

• Conventional organic solvents pose environmental and health risks.
• Bioactive compounds like phenolics and flavonoids possess valuable antioxidant and medicinal properties.
• Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are emerging as eco-friendly alternatives for extracting bioactive compounds.

Purpose of the Study:

• To synthesize and screen DESs for efficient extraction of phenolics and flavonoids from Raphanus sativus (Radish) leaves.
• To optimize the extraction process using ultrasound-assisted extraction and Response Surface Methodology (RSM).
• To evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the extracted compounds.

Main Methods:

• Synthesis and screening of five DESs (Pro-Gly, Bet-Gly, ChCl-OA, ChCl-Gly, CC-Gly).
• Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) optimization using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with Central Composite Design (CCD).
• Analysis using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, antioxidant assays, and antibacterial testing.

Main Results:

• Pro-Gly DES demonstrated the highest extraction efficiency for phenolics (14 mg GAE/g DW).
• Water content in DES was identified as the most critical factor for extraction efficiency via RSM.
• The Pro-Gly extract showed significant antioxidant capacity and potent antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria.

Conclusions:

• DESs, particularly Pro-Gly, are effective and sustainable solvents for extracting bioactive phenolics and flavonoids from radish leaves.
• The optimized extraction process enhances recovery and preserves the functional properties of the bioactive compounds.
• The radish leaf extract possesses valuable antioxidant and antibacterial properties, suggesting potential applications in food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical industries.