An adaptive and flexible role for primary sensory cortex

Classical views of sensory perception describe a hierarchical organization, extending from the sensory periphery to static representations in the primary sensory cortex, with downstream regions supporting decision-making and action. There is growing evidence that suggests a more flexible role of primary sensory cortex, with behaviorally relevant functions distributed across multiple levels of the early sensory pathway that can change in response to context. In this Perspective, we first examine primary sensory cortex beyond sensory representations through the lens of sufficiency to predict behavior. We then consider the necessity of primary sensory cortex in sensory-driven behaviors, explored through a range of inactivation and lesioning studies. Finally, we provide evidence that points to an adaptive and flexible role for primary sensory cortex, where function is shaped by experience and context. This adaptive nature demands a more holistic investigative approach that challenges sensory pathways with adaptive behaviors in response to changing environments, behavioral contexts and injury.