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Related Concept Videos

Microtubules in Signaling01:22

Microtubules in Signaling

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The primary cilium, made up of microtubules, acts as antennae on the cell surfaces for relaying external stimuli into the cells. These fine hair-like structures are present, generally one per cell. These are non-motile cilia in a 9+0 microtubules arrangement, where the central pair of microtubules are absent. The primary cilia arise from the basal body embedded in the cell membrane. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) carries requisite proteins from the cytoplasm to the cilium because the primary...
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Many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic; they do not cross the cell membrane but bind to cell-surface receptors. Thus, their message must be relayed by second messengers present in the cell cytoplasm. There are several second messenger pathways, each with its own way of relaying information. For example, the G protein-coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol pathway is active when the receptor induces...
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When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze...
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Multiprotein signaling complexes are formed in a dynamic process involving protein-protein interactions at the cytoplasmic domain of transmembrane receptors or enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins associated with the receptor. These complexes ensure the activation and propagation of intracellular signals that regulate cell functions.
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Integrins act both as extracellular input receivers and as intracellular processing activators. As their name suggests, integrins are entirely integrated into the membrane structure. Their hydrophobic membrane-spanning regions interact with the phospholipid bilayer's hydrophobic region. These membrane receptors provide extracellular attachment sites for effectors like hormones and growth factors. They activate intracellular response cascades when their effectors are bound and active.
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Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and...
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Using Primary Neurosphere Cultures to Study Primary Cilia
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Primary cilia function as hubs for signal transduction.

Bo Li1,2, Yu-Ying He1,3, Zeng-Ming Yang4

  • 1Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountain Region, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.

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Primary cilia are crucial microtubule-based cell organelles for sensing and signaling. Their disruption leads to ciliopathies, a range of developmental and metabolic disorders.

Keywords:
CiliogenesisCiliopathiesIntraflagellar transportPrimary ciliaSignaling pathway

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Primary cilia are non-motile, microtubule-based organelles.
  • They act as specialized sensory and signaling compartments in most vertebrate cells.
  • Their unique structure enables compartmentalization and modulation of diverse signaling pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in understanding primary cilia.
  • To highlight their structural architecture, biogenesis, and signaling functions.
  • To emphasize their critical roles in vertebrate biology and disease.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on primary cilia.
  • Analysis of structural and functional data.
  • Synthesis of information on ciliogenesis and signaling.

Main Results:

  • Primary cilia possess a distinct 9+0 axoneme structure.
  • Ciliogenesis involves basal body docking, vesicle fusion, and axoneme elongation via intraflagellar transport (IFT).
  • Dysfunctional primary cilia lead to ciliopathies, affecting development and homeostasis.

Conclusions:

  • Primary cilia are essential for precise signal integration and regulation.
  • Their proper function is vital for coordinating developmental programs and maintaining tissue homeostasis.
  • Understanding primary cilia is key to addressing ciliopathies.