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Immunogold Electron Microscopy

Immunogold Electron Microscopy

Immunoelectron microscopy utilizes immunogold labeling of endogenous proteins with specific antibodies to detect and localize these proteins in cells and tissues. The procedure provides insights into the distribution and quantification of protein under different stimulation conditions offering clues about their functions. Conjugating highly electron-dense gold particles with primary or secondary antibodies allow antigen detection on and within cells, with high resolution and specificity.

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Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Rapid Fluorescence-based Characterization of Single Extracellular Vesicles in Human Blood with Nanoparticle-tracking Analysis

Rapid Fluorescence-based Characterization of Single Extracellular Vesicles in Human Blood with Nanoparticle-tracking Analysis

Published on: January 7, 2019

Profiling Protein Citrullination in Extracellular Vesicles by Single-Molecule Detection Using Direct Stochastic

Sarah R Needham¹, Benjamin M Davis¹, Pinar Uysal-Onganer²

¹Central Laser Facility, UKRI: Science & Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire, UK.

Journal of Biophotonics

|November 28, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals that citrullinated proteins are found both inside and on the surface of extracellular vesicles (EVs). These findings advance the potential for using EV citrullinome profiles in liquid biopsies for cancer diagnostics.

Keywords:

Bayesian models citrullinated histone H3 citrullination/deimination dSTORM extracellular vesicles liquid biopsy single‐molecule detection

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Last Updated: Jul 3, 2026

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Published on: January 7, 2019

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Multimodal Analytical Platform on a Multiplexed Surface Plasmon Resonance Imaging Chip for the Analysis of Extracellular Vesicle Subsets

Multimodal Analytical Platform on a Multiplexed Surface Plasmon Resonance Imaging Chip for the Analysis of Extracellular Vesicle Subsets

Published on: March 17, 2023

Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Cell Biology
Biomarkers

Background:

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play key roles in cell communication and serve as pathological biomarkers.
Post-translational citrullination of proteins is implicated in various diseases, but their specific localization within EVs remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the localization of citrullinated proteins within specific extracellular vesicle (EV) subtypes.
To determine if citrullinated proteins are exported as intraluminal cargo or reside on the EV surface.

Main Methods:

Utilized dSTORM super-resolution microscopy to co-localize citrullinated proteins (pan-Cit) and citrullinated histone H3 (CitH3) with EV subtypes.
Captured EVs using tetraspanin trio (TT) and phosphatidylserine (PS) markers.
Analyzed permeabilized and non-permeabilized EVs using a Bayesian framework.

Main Results:

Confirmed the presence of pan-Cit and CitH3 as both intraluminal cargo and surface proteins on EVs.
Detected higher levels of citrullinated proteins in permeabilized EVs compared to non-permeabilized ones.
Observed differential localization: pan-Cit was higher in TT-bound EVs, while CitH3 was higher in PS-bound EVs.

Conclusions:

This research expands the understanding of EV-associated post-translational modifications.
The findings highlight the potential of the EV citrullinome for developing novel liquid biopsy tools for cancer detection.