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Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks
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Direct Optical Visualization of In Situ Photodegradation Dynamics in Metal-Organic Frameworks.

Jinn-Kye Lee1, Shuyang Wu1, Mingyu Ma1

  • 1School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore.

Chemical & Biomedical Imaging
|November 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study uses optical microscopy to track Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) like HKUST-1 degradation. We found MOF breakdown is faster in acidic conditions and depends on scavenger concentration and laser energy.

Keywords:
HKUST-1in situ photodegradationmetal−organic frameworkoptical microscopytemporally resolved kinetics

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) show promise in catalysis and gas capture.
  • Chemical instability limits MOF applications.
  • In situ degradation studies of MOFs lack spatial-temporal resolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantitatively monitor HKUST-1 degradation under alkaline and acidic reducing conditions.
  • To investigate the influence of scavengers, pH, and laser irradiation on MOF stability.
  • To elucidate the mechanistic pathways of HKUST-1 degradation.

Main Methods:

  • Optical microscopy with video-rate temporal resolution.
  • Color-mapping degradation progress over time.
  • Utilizing alkaline hole scavengers (sodium ascorbate) and acidic reducing agents (lactic acid).

Main Results:

  • Observed sigmoidal time-dependent degradation trends in HKUST-1.
  • Identified confined regions with accelerated degradation.
  • Degradation involves reduction to Cu2O nanoparticles and self-photoreduction to Cu2O/Cu.
  • Degradation rate is 22% higher in acidic conditions compared to alkaline.

Conclusions:

  • Degradation mechanisms differ based on pH: redox-driven in alkaline, acidolysis/metal-ligand disruption in acidic.
  • Degradation is dependent on scavenger concentration and laser wavelength.
  • Findings provide insights into MOF stability and optimization strategies.