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In Vivo Immunogenicity Screening of Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles by Flow Cytometry of Splenic T Cells
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Tumor Extracellular Vesicle Digital Scoring Assays for Cancer Detection and Monitoring.

Junseok Lee1, Chen Zhao2, Jacqueline Yang1

  • 1California NanoSystems Institute, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.

Precision Chemistry
|November 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Tumor extracellular vesicles (EVs) offer noninvasive mRNA profiling for cancer detection and monitoring. EV Digital Scoring Assays use click chemistry and digital PCR for precise tumor mRNA quantification, advancing precision oncology.

Keywords:
CancerClick chemistryDigital PCRDigital scoringEarly detectionExtracellular vesicleLiquid biopsyNoninvasive diagnosticsTreatment monitoringmRNA

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are crucial biomarkers for noninvasive cancer diagnostics.
  • Current liquid biopsy methods face challenges in EV specificity and accurate mRNA quantification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the development and clinical utility of EV Digital Scoring Assays for liquid biopsy.
  • To highlight the integration of EV enrichment and digital PCR for precise tumor mRNA profiling.

Main Methods:

  • Development of EV Digital Scoring Assays using click chemistry for EV enrichment (EV Click Beads/Chips).
  • Integration with reverse transcription digital PCR (RT-dPCR) for absolute quantification of tumor mRNA.
  • Clinical validation across various solid tumors including pancreatic, prostate, and liver cancers.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated clinical utility in detecting oncogenic alterations, staging cancer, and monitoring treatment response.
  • Successfully identified early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma and differentiated localized from metastatic prostate cancer.
  • Showcased the "enrich-then-count" strategy's effectiveness in overcoming specificity and quantification challenges.

Conclusions:

  • EV Digital Scoring Assays provide a versatile and modular platform for noninvasive cancer management.
  • These assays offer scalable solutions for precision oncology, enabling broad adoption across diverse tumor types.
  • The technology facilitates real-time, noninvasive cancer detection, staging, and treatment monitoring.