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The Space Within: How Architected Voids Promote Tissue Formation.

Anna Puiggalí-Jou1, Isabel B Hui1, Carla Fernandez-Rico2

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PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Tissue engineering uses four methods to create void spaces in hydrogels, mimicking the body's natural structures. These techniques enable the development of biomimetic materials for better cell and tissue function.

Keywords:
3D printingalignmentbiofabricationflightmicrogelsphase separationporositysacrificial templatingtissue organizationvoid space

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Physiological void spaces are crucial for transport, signaling, and biochemical activity in the human body.
  • Constriction of these spaces, seen in conditions like arterial occlusion and fibrosis, underscores their importance.
  • Mimicking these void spaces is essential for advancing tissue engineering (TE) applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review key strategies for introducing porosity into hydrogels across multiple length scales.
  • To examine how these methods engineer physiological environments at nano- to micro-scales.
  • To explore the fabrication of larger-scale spaces using advanced techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Templating: Embedding and removing phases (gas, liquid, solid) to create pores.
  • Microgel annealing: Generating interstitial voids within the hydrogel matrix.
  • Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS): Forming biphasic networks mimicking extracellular matrix (ECM).
  • 3D printing (extrusion and light-based): Fabricating larger, luminal structures like vasculature and airways.
  • Filamented Light (FLight) technology: Creating anisotropic microstructural voids.

Main Results:

  • The first three methods (templating, microgels, LLPS) engineer nano- to micro-scale spaces, mimicking tissue and ECM.
  • 3D printing techniques enable the creation of macro-scale void spaces, such as lumens.
  • Combining methods allows for hierarchical architectures from nano- to centimeter scales.
  • FLight technology specifically addresses anisotropic tissue needs.

Conclusions:

  • Current methods offer diverse strategies for creating biomimetic void spaces in hydrogels.
  • The convergence of these techniques is key to generating hierarchical structures.
  • These engineered void spaces are vital for meeting the physiological demands of cells, tissues, and organs in TE.