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P-N junction

P-N junction

A p-n junction is formed when p-type and n-type semiconductor materials are joined together. At the interface of the p-n junction, holes from the p-side and electrons from the n-side begin to diffuse into the opposite sides due to the concentration gradient. This diffusion of carriers leads to a region around the junction where there are no free charge carriers, known as the depletion region. The charge density within the depletion region for the n-side and p-side can be described by the...

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Updated: Apr 28, 2026

Ambient Method for the Production of an Ionically Gated Carbon Nanotube Common Cathode in Tandem Organic Solar Cells

Ambient Method for the Production of an Ionically Gated Carbon Nanotube Common Cathode in Tandem Organic Solar Cells

Published on: November 5, 2014

Resolving Ternary Morphology for High-Performance Thickness-Insensitive Organic Solar Cells.

Heng Liu¹, Yuhao Li^1,2, Zhaoyang Nie³

¹Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

|November 28, 2025

Summary

High-performance organic solar cells (OSCs) achieve 17.7% efficiency with thicker active layers by adding BTR-Cl. This improves connectivity and performance, overcoming limitations for large-scale manufacturing.

Keywords:

carrier transport connectivity grazing-incidence small-angle neutron scattering short-range aggregation targeted deuteration ternary strategy thick-film organic solar cells

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In situ Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering on Roll-To-Roll Coating of Organic Solar Cells with Laboratory X-ray Instrumentation

In situ Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering on Roll-To-Roll Coating of Organic Solar Cells with Laboratory X-ray Instrumentation

Published on: March 2, 2021

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Organic Electronics
Photovoltaics

Background:

High-performance organic solar cells (OSCs) face challenges with active layer thickness tolerance.
This limitation hinders large-scale printing and cost-effective module manufacturing.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop efficient ternary organic solar cells with improved thickness tolerance.
To elucidate the morphological origins of enhanced performance in thick-film OSCs.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of ternary OSCs using PM6/Y6 blend films incorporating small-molecule donor BTR-Cl.
Utilizing targeted deuteration of Y6 and BTR-Cl.
Employing grazing-incidence small-angle neutron scattering (GISANS) to resolve blend film morphology.

Main Results:

Achieved a photoconversion efficiency of 17.7% at an active layer thickness of 300 nm.
Observed enhanced short-range aggregation of Y6 and BTR-Cl, improving inter-domain connectivity.
Demonstrated enhanced carrier mobility and suppressed space charge accumulation.

Conclusions:

Incorporating BTR-Cl significantly improves the thickness tolerance of OSCs.
Amorphous nanomorphology plays a critical role in carrier transport connectivity and device performance.
Targeted deuteration combined with GISANS is effective for analyzing multicomponent OSC active layers.