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Developing eHealth Interventions to Improve Diabetes Management in Emerging Adulthood: Qualitative Formative Study.

April Idalski Carcone1, Deepika Baskar2, Aishah Mahmood1

  • 1Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Avenue, 3128 Integrative Biosciences Center, Detroit, MI, 48202, United States, 1 313-577-1057.

JMIR Formative Research
|November 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Emerging adults with type 1 diabetes found mobile health interventions helpful and acceptable. Tailored content and technology integration were key strengths, with suggestions for more impactful messaging and culturally relevant examples.

Keywords:
behavioral interventioneHealthemerging adultstype 1 diabetesyoung adults

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Area of Science:

  • Digital Health
  • Behavioral Science
  • Adolescent Medicine

Background:

  • Emerging adulthood presents unique challenges for type 1 diabetes management, often leading to suboptimal glycemic control.
  • Technology-based interventions are well-suited for this demographic due to high accessibility.
  • Self-determination theory principles, focusing on autonomy and self-efficacy, align with developmental needs of emerging adults.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To enhance the relevance, sustainability, and efficacy of mobile health interventions for emerging adults with type 1 diabetes.
  • To gather emerging adults' perspectives on cultural tailoring, developmental relevance, and delivery preferences for digital health interventions.
  • To refine intervention components based on end-user feedback.

Main Methods:

  • A qualitative formative study involving 20 emerging adults with type 1 diabetes.
  • Individual interviews were conducted to collect feedback on three intervention components: motivation enhancement system, SMS text messaging reminders, and a question prompt list.
  • Framework matrix analysis was used for inductive thematic analysis of interview data.

Main Results:

  • All three mobile health interventions were found acceptable and helpful by emerging adults.
  • Participants expressed a strong preference for culturally tailored content, including relatable examples and language.
  • Specific feedback included preferences for engaging content in the motivation enhancement system, more directive SMS messages, and relevant question prompts for medical visits, especially concerning life transitions.

Conclusions:

  • Emerging adult feedback validates the acceptability and utility of the developed intervention components.
  • Cultural tailoring and content addressing the transition to independence were particularly well-received.
  • User feedback underscores the necessity of iterative refinement and detailed end-user input for optimizing digital health interventions.