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Developing eHealth Interventions to Improve Diabetes Management in Emerging Adulthood: Qualitative Formative Study
April Idalski Carcone1, Deepika Baskar2, Aishah Mahmood1
1Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Avenue, 3128 Integrative Biosciences Center, Detroit, MI, 48202, United States, 1 313-577-1057.
JMIR Formative Research
|November 28, 2025
Summary
Emerging adults with type 1 diabetes found mobile health interventions helpful and acceptable. Tailored content and technology integration were key strengths, with suggestions for more impactful messaging and culturally relevant examples.
Area of Science:
- Digital Health
- Behavioral Science
- Adolescent Medicine
Background:
- Emerging adulthood presents unique challenges for type 1 diabetes management, often leading to suboptimal glycemic control.
- Technology-based interventions are well-suited for this demographic due to high accessibility.
- Self-determination theory principles, focusing on autonomy and self-efficacy, align with developmental needs of emerging adults.
Purpose of the Study:
- To enhance the relevance, sustainability, and efficacy of mobile health interventions for emerging adults with type 1 diabetes.
- To gather emerging adults' perspectives on cultural tailoring, developmental relevance, and delivery preferences for digital health interventions.
- To refine intervention components based on end-user feedback.
Main Methods:
- A qualitative formative study involving 20 emerging adults with type 1 diabetes.
- Individual interviews were conducted to collect feedback on three intervention components: motivation enhancement system, SMS text messaging reminders, and a question prompt list.
- Framework matrix analysis was used for inductive thematic analysis of interview data.
Main Results:
- All three mobile health interventions were found acceptable and helpful by emerging adults.
- Participants expressed a strong preference for culturally tailored content, including relatable examples and language.
- Specific feedback included preferences for engaging content in the motivation enhancement system, more directive SMS messages, and relevant question prompts for medical visits, especially concerning life transitions.
Conclusions:
- Emerging adult feedback validates the acceptability and utility of the developed intervention components.
- Cultural tailoring and content addressing the transition to independence were particularly well-received.
- User feedback underscores the necessity of iterative refinement and detailed end-user input for optimizing digital health interventions.
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