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Intermolecular Forces

Intermolecular Forces

Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...

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Voltage-Dependent Molecular Assembly at Ionic Liquid-Gold Interfaces: Quantifying Ion Structuring and Interaction

Muqiu Wu¹, Renxi Le¹, Li Wang¹

¹School of Materials Science and Engineering/Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids

|November 28, 2025

Summary

A new Electro-Mechanical Structuring Factor (EMSF) quantifies voltage-induced changes in ionic liquid structuring at electrode interfaces. This advances understanding and control of interfacial properties for energy storage technologies.

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Vibrational Spectra of a N719-Chromophore/Titania Interface from Empirical-Potential Molecular-Dynamics Simulation, Solvated by a Room Temperature Ionic Liquid

Published on: January 25, 2020

Area of Science:

Colloidal and interfacial science
Electrochemistry
Materials science

Background:

Ionic liquid (IL)-electrode interface structuring impacts electrochemical device performance.
Quantitative understanding of molecular interactions and interfacial nanostructures is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a novel quantitative descriptor linking nanoscale ionic layering and molecular interactions.
To enable precision tuning of interfacial properties for energy storage applications.

Main Methods:

Systematic characterization of a phosphonium-based ionic liquid ([P6,6,6,14][MEEA]) at a gold electrode under varied voltages.
Combined use of colloid-probe atomic force microscopy (CP-AFM) and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) for quantitative mapping.
Integration of CP-AFM force mapping and QCM data into the Electro-Mechanical Structuring Factor (EMSF).

Main Results:

Applied voltages induced significant structural reorganization of ionic layers.
Observed increases in stiffness, reduced thickness, and enhanced nanoscale ordering.
The EMSF parameter provided explicit numeric correlations between molecular interactions and nanoscale structuring.

Conclusions:

The novel EMSF parameter offers a powerful predictive tool for interfacial characterization.
Enables rational optimization of IL-based systems for electrochemical applications.
Addresses a critical gap in quantitative analysis of IL-electrode interfaces.