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In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
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Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 10, 2026

Primed Mycobacterial Uveitis PMU as a Model for Post-Infectious Uveitis
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Intraocular Tuberculosis: Current Insights and Emerging Therapeutic Paradigms.

Mohini Agrawal1, K Shyamsundar2, Keerthana Raghu3

  • 1Ophthalmology, Military Hospital, Jalandhar, India.

Seminars in Ophthalmology
|November 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Intraocular tuberculosis (OTb) diagnosis is challenging due to varied symptoms. Early, multidisciplinary care combining anti-tuberculosis therapy and corticosteroids improves visual outcomes for this sight-threatening condition.

Keywords:
ATTmultimodal imagingocular tuberculosisserpiginous like choroiditistubercular uveitis

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Intraocular tuberculosis (OTb) is a severe ocular manifestation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.
  • It presents with diverse clinical phenotypes like uveitis, retinal vasculitis, and choroiditis.
  • Diagnosing OTb is difficult due to varied presentations and lack of standardized criteria.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinical spectrum of intraocular tuberculosis.
  • To summarize diagnostic modalities for OTb.
  • To discuss emerging management strategies for OTb.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature search was performed using Medline and PubMed.
  • Relevant studies on ocular tuberculosis were identified and analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Diagnostic tools include OCT, FA, IGRA, PCR, and HRCT.
  • Management combines anti-tuberculosis therapy (ATT) and corticosteroids, with ongoing debates on optimal regimens.
  • Emerging treatments like intravitreal anti-VEGF agents show promise for refractory cases.

Conclusions:

  • A multidisciplinary approach is crucial for accurate diagnosis and individualized treatment of OTb.
  • Timely intervention and tailored management are essential for improving visual prognosis in patients with intraocular tuberculosis.