Organoid-based platforms in livestock: Current advances and future prospects

Area of Science:

• Veterinary Science
• Biotechnology
• Stem Cell Biology

Background:

• Organoid research is well-established in humans and rodents but limited in livestock.
• A knowledge gap exists regarding livestock-derived organoids and their applications.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide a comprehensive review of livestock-derived organoids.
• To synthesize historical evolution, establishment protocols, and organ-specific applications.
• To highlight the potential of advanced technologies in enhancing organoid systems.

Main Methods:

• Review of historical evolution and establishment protocols for livestock organoids.
• Synthesis of current organ-specific applications (intestine, liver, lung, kidney, testis, mammary gland, reproductive tract).
• Discussion of bioengineering and genome-editing technologies (CRISPR/Cas9, base editing, prime editing).

Main Results:

• Livestock organoids serve as platforms for studying host-pathogen interactions, reproduction, toxicology, and productivity.
• Advanced technologies like CRISPR/Cas9 can enhance organoid physiological relevance and reproducibility.
• Challenges include lack of standardized protocols and limited multicellular complexity.

Conclusions:

• Livestock organoids are a strategically important frontier in veterinary science and agricultural biotechnology.
• The integration of stem cell biology, microphysiological platforms, and genetic engineering makes them indispensable tools.
• They are crucial for veterinary medicine, agricultural innovation, and translational biomedical research.